![]() ![]() ![]() The features that are universal to all causes of hyperthyroidism include: Thyroiditis (thyroid gland inflammation) often causes an initial period of hyperthyroidism, followed by under-activity of the thyroid gland ( hypothyroidism). The causes of hyperthyroidism can be remembered with the “ GIST” mnemonic: Goitre refers to the neck lump caused by swelling of the thyroid gland. It is specific to Grave’s disease and is a reaction to TSH receptor antibodies. It gives the skin a discoloured, waxy, oedematous appearance over this area. Pretibial myxoedema is a skin condition caused by deposits of glycosaminoglycans under the skin on the anterior aspect of the leg (the pre-tibial area). Inflammation, swelling and hypertrophy of the tissue behind the eyeballs force them forward, causing them to bulge out of the sockets. It is most common in patients over 50 years.Įxophthalmos (also known as proptosis) describes the bulging of the eyes caused by Graves’ disease. Toxic multinodular goitre (also known as Plummer’s disease) is a condition where nodules develop on the thyroid gland, which are unregulated by the thyroid axis and continuously produce excessive thyroid hormones. This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. These TSH receptor antibodies, produced by the immune system, stimulate TSH receptors on the thyroid. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition where TSH receptor antibodies cause primary hyperthyroidism. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is where the thyroid hormones ( T3 and T4) are normal and thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) is suppressed (low). The pituitary gland produces too much thyroid-stimulating hormone, stimulating the thyroid gland to produce excessive thyroid hormones. Secondary hyperthyroidism is due to pathology in the hypothalamus or pituitary. The thyroid is behaving abnormally and producing excessive thyroid hormone. Primary hyperthyroidism is due to thyroid pathology. Thyrotoxicosis refers to the effects of an abnormal and excessive quantity of thyroid hormones in the body. Hyperthyroidism is where there is over-production of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine ( T3) and thyroxine ( T4), by the thyroid gland.
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